A Comprehensive Review of Using Oral Vaccines Based on Tomatoes to Prevent Zoonotic Diseases: An Emphasis on Brucellosis

Abstract

Zoonotic diseases are a major hazard to both human and animal populations globally. Traditional vaccine approaches have proven helpful in reducing these diseases; nevertheless, issues such as cost, accessibility, and convenience of delivery remain. Plant-based oral vaccines are a viable option, combining the benefits of scalability, cost-effectiveness, and ease of administration. Among these, tomatoes have emerged as a promising candidate for oral vaccine manufacturing due to their high expression levels and appetising character. This research investigates the possibility of plant-based oral vaccines, specifically tomatoes, for treating zoonotic diseases, with an emphasis on Brucella, the causative agent of brucellosis. We cover the present state of Brucella vaccines, the viability of using tomatoes as a vaccine delivery platform, and the obstacles that come with this strategy. In addition, we discuss recent advances, future goals, and the potential influence of tomato-based oral vaccines on zoonotic disease prevention and management.